Glossary

The AISI number is a classification system established by the American Iron and Steel Institute to identify specific grades of steel. Each number reflects a specific chemical composition which defines the steel’s properties in sheet metal fabrication.

An alignment key in sheet metal fabrication is a component used to align parts within a machinery setup. It ensures that components are positioned correctly relative to each other, which is crucial for maintaining the precision of operations.

Alternating blanking in sheet metal fabrication is a process where the punch and die are arranged in a staggered manner. This method maximizes material usage by alternating the parts’ layout, reducing waste and improving yield.

Aluminum killed steel is steel treated with aluminum to deoxidize and refine its structure. This treatment enhances uniformity and strength, making it ideal for sheet metal fabrication that demands a clean surface finish.

Aluminum sheet metal is a lightweight, corrosion-resistant material used extensively in sheet metal fabrication. It is favored for its ease of machining and forming, making it ideal for applications in automotive, aerospace, and consumer goods industries.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) establishes and promotes standards for sheet metal fabrication to ensure quality, safety, and efficiency in industry practices. These standards are widely adopted in the U.S.

An anti-spatter agent in sheet metal fabrication is used during welding to prevent spatter particles from adhering to surrounding surfaces, ensuring a cleaner work area and higher quality welds.

Aqueous cleaning in sheet metal fabrication involves using water-based solutions to remove oils, greases, and other contaminants from metal surfaces, which is crucial for preparing the metal for further processing or finishing.

Austenitic stainless steel is a type of stainless steel alloy known for its corrosion resistance and excellent formability, making it highly suitable for various sheet metal fabrication processes.

An automatic blank feed system in sheet metal fabrication automates the supply of blank sheets into the press or machine, enhancing efficiency, reducing manual labor, and improving cycle times in production processes.

A bad edge in sheet metal fabrication refers to an irregular or flawed edge resulting from cutting or processing. It typically requires additional finishing or repair to meet quality standards, as it can compromise the structural integrity or aesthetic of the part.

A beam delivery system in sheet metal fabrication involves the components that guide and control the laser or electron beam used for cutting or welding. It ensures the beam is accurately focused and directed at the precise points needed for effective fabrication.

Beam diameter refers to the width of a laser or electron beam used in sheet metal fabrication. This diameter affects the resolution and precision of cutting or welding, with smaller diameters allowing for finer detail work.

Beam divergence in sheet metal fabrication is the measure of how much a laser or electron beam widens over distance. Lower divergence results in a more focused beam, which is crucial for achieving high precision in cutting or welding operations.

Beam quality is critical in sheet metal fabrication as it affects the efficiency and cleanliness of cuts. High-quality beams have consistent power and focus, which ensures smooth edges and precise cuts on metal sheets.

In sheet metal fabrication, a beam splitter is a device that divides a beam of light, usually a laser, into two or more separate beams. This is useful in applications requiring simultaneous multiple cuts or in complex assembly processes.

A bearing chock in sheet metal fabrication is a housing or support structure that holds and stabilizes bearings. It is crucial for maintaining the alignment and performance of rotating parts within machinery, such as rolls in rolling mills.

Bearing-quality steels are high-grade steel used in the production of bearings which require extremely low levels of impurities. In sheet metal fabrication, these steels are valued for their durability and resistance to deformation under high stress.

A bend die is a tool used in sheet metal fabrication to assist in bending operations. It guides and supports the metal as it is forced into a new shape, ensuring that the bend is accurate to the specified angles and dimensions.

A bending moment in sheet metal fabrication refers to the internal force applied to a metal piece to induce bending. This moment is critical in determining how much the metal can be bent without failing, affecting the design and integrity of the structure.

A bending procedure outlines the specific steps and settings required to accurately bend sheet metal, including tool selection, bending sequence, and machine adjustments. This ensures consistency and quality in forming metal parts.

A bill of lading in sheet metal fabrication is a document issued by a carrier to acknowledge receipt of cargo. It serves as a contract for the transportation of goods and outlines the details of the cargo, destination, and terms.

Blank wash is a cleaning process in sheet metal fabrication that involves removing debris and oils from metal blanks before they undergo further processing, ensuring clean surfaces for better machining, coating, or painting.

Boost clamps in sheet metal fabrication are specialized clamps that assist in lifting and positioning heavy metal sheets on machines for processing. They enhance safety and efficiency by preventing slippage and misalignment.

Boost bending in sheet metal fabrication refers to an enhanced bending process that uses additional mechanical or hydraulic force to bend thick or tough metals precisely, often used in heavy-duty applications.

A boundary additive in sheet metal fabrication is a lubricant component that helps reduce friction during metal forming processes. It forms a protective barrier on the metal surface, enhancing the tool life and quality of the finish.

Brake forming is a process in sheet metal fabrication where a brake press is used to make bends in metal sheets. This method allows for the creation of sharp, clean folds that are necessary for various structural components.

A breakdown pass in sheet metal fabrication refers to the initial passes through a rolling mill that reduce the thickness of a metal slab. This stage is crucial for gradually achieving the desiredthickness of metal sheets in preparation for further refining in subsequent passes. This pass is essential for ensuring material uniformity and preventing defects.

Brewster’s angle is a specific angle at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent material without any reflection, useful in laser cutting processes.

Bright annealed sheet metal is processed in a controlled atmosphere to avoid oxidation of the surface, resulting in a highly reflective and smooth finish that is ideal for decorative or functional uses.

The Brinell test measures the hardness of sheet metal by pressing a hard ball into the metal’s surface and assessing the diameter of the indentation, indicating the material’s resistance to deformation.

A broken surface in sheet metal occurs when there is a crack or fracture, often resulting from improper processing or handling, which can compromise the structural integrity of the metal component.

In sheet metal fabrication, a bus conductor is a strip or bar of conductive metal used in electrical busbars to distribute power efficiently across electrical systems, designed to minimize resistance.

A butt joint in sheet metal fabrication is the simplest form of joint where two pieces of metal are aligned and joined without overlapping, commonly secured through welding, riveting, or bolting.

A C-frame press in sheet metal fabrication features a C-shaped frame providing access from three sides, ideal for tasks like punching and forming, where such accessibility is crucial.

CAD in sheet metal fabrication is software used to create precise drawings and models of metal parts, enabling engineers to visualize and adjust designs before actual cutting or assembly begins.

Capped steel in sheet metal fabrication refers to steel that has been treated with a capping process during ingot casting to improve surface quality by removing impurities from the outer layer.

Carbide precipitation occurs in stainless steel when heated in a certain temperature range, causing carbon to bond with chromium, potentially reducing corrosion resistance at grain boundaries.

A carbon dioxide (CO2) laser in sheet metal fabrication is used for cutting and engraving because it offers a powerful beam that can precisely cut through thick metals while maintaining a clean edge.

Carbon steel, used in sheet metal fabrication, is an alloy of iron and carbon. Its mechanical properties are dictated by the amount of carbon content, which affects its hardness and strength.

Case hardening in sheet metal fabrication involves hardening the surface layer of a metal part to enhance its wear resistance while retaining a tougher interior to withstand impact.

Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a high carbon content, making it easily castable. Its excellent fluidity and castability make it popular for complex metal parts in heavy industries.

Cast welds are welds used to repair castings in sheet metal fabrication. This technique involves using a compatible filler material to fill defects or rebuild parts of the cast metal.

Cathodic protection is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell, commonly used in pipelines and storage tanks.

Center to center in sheet metal fabrication describes the measurement between the centers of two features, commonly used to specify the layout of holes, rivets, or fittings in assembled components.

The centerline diameter in tube bending refers to the diameter measured from the centerline of the tube’s thickness, crucial for calculating precise bends in tube fabrication.

Centerline radius is the radius of the arc that forms the bend in a tube or pipe, measured from the centerline of the material. It determines the tightness and angle of the bend in tube forming.

The Charpy impact test measures the impact energy absorbed by a metal sample when struck. This test helps determine the toughness and notch sensitivity of metals used in sheet metal fabrication.

Check analysis is a quality control measure in sheet metal fabrication that involves verifying the chemical composition of metals through testing. This ensures the material conforms to specified standards necessary for the intended applications.

Circle grid analysis is a method used in sheet metal fabrication to measure the strain distribution on a sheet metal part after forming. This helps in adjusting the forming process to prevent defects and ensure uniform deformation.

A circuit breaker in sheet metal fabrication is a safety device used to automatically interrupt power in the event of an electrical overload or short circuit, protecting machinery and operators from potential harm.

A clamp die in sheet metal fabrication is part of the tooling used in bending machines to hold the metal sheet in place during the bending process, ensuring accuracy and consistency in the bend angle and location.

CNC Machining in sheet metal fabrication involves using computer-controlled machine tools to perform precise cuts, drills, and shapes on metal sheets, significantly improving efficiency, accuracy, and the ability to produce complex geometries.

CNC sheet metal fabrication uses computer-controlled machinery to cut, bend, and assemble sheet metal with high precision. This technology enables complex shapes and tight tolerances, increasing efficiency and repeatability in the manufacturing process.

A coating defect in sheet metal fabrication refers to imperfections such as blisters, flaking, or uneven thickness in the protective or decorative coating applied to metal surfaces. These defects can compromise aesthetics and durability.

The coefficient of thermal expansion describes how the size of a material changes with temperature change. In sheet metal fabrication, understanding this helps predict and mitigate dimensional changes during thermal cutting or welding processes.

A coil car transports heavy rolls of metal coils to different machines within a sheet metal fabrication facility. It is essential for handling large volumes of material and maintaining efficient workflow in operations.

A coil end joiner in sheet metal fabrication is used to weld the end of one coil to the beginning of another, ensuring continuous production without interruption. This tool is essential in operations requiring long runs of metal.

The coil number is a unique identifier assigned to a specific roll of metal coil in sheet metal fabrication. It helps in tracking and quality control throughout the production process.

A coil reel in sheet metal fabrication holds and dispenses coils of metal, allowing for controlled release and feed into processing equipment, crucial for maintaining material flow and tension.

Cold bending refers to the process of shaping metal into angles or curves at room temperature in sheet metal fabrication. This method maintains the metal’s original properties since no heat is applied.

Cold drawing in sheet metal fabrication is the process of pulling metal through a die to reduce its diameter and improve surface finish and dimensional accuracy, often enhancing the metal’s mechanical properties.

Cold reduction is a process where metal is reduced in thickness at room temperature in a rolling mill, increasing its strength and hardness through strain hardening.

Cold rolled steel is metal that has been rolled at room temperature, below its recrystallization temperature, which increases its strength and offers a smoother surface finish than hot rolled steel.

Cold sinking in sheet metal fabrication involves shaping a metal blank into a die without the application of heat, relying purely on mechanical force to form the desired shape.

Cold working refers to the manipulation of metal below its recrystallization temperature, which includes processes like bending, rolling, and drawing to enhance strength and hardness.

Commercial steel is a category of steel that is commonly used in sheet metal fabrication due to its versatility and moderate strength. It is suitable for a wide range of applications where extreme durability is not required.

Compressive stress in sheet metal fabrication occurs when a material undergoes a reduction in volume due to external pressure, influencing its ability to withstand buckling and deformation.

A conditioning mill in sheet metal fabrication is used to finish and condition the surface of hot rolled steel by removing scale and other impurities to prepare it for further processing or coating.

Continuous casting is a process in sheet metal fabrication where molten metal is solidified into a “semi-finished” billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling in the finishing mill, enhancing efficiency and yield.

Continuous operation in sheet metal fabrication refers to processes that are designed to run uninterruptedly for long periods to increase productivity and reduce costs, such as in rolling or extrusion.

Continuous wave mode in laser cutting uses a constant, unmodulated output of the laser beam to cut material, providing steady and efficient cutting power suitable for thicker or harder materials.

A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) in sheet metal fabrication is used for precise measurement of physical geometrical characteristics of an object. This machine helps in ensuring parts meet specified tolerances.

The copper-copper sulfate test in sheet metal fabrication is a corrosion test used to identify the susceptibility of metals to corrosion in a sulfate environment, guiding the selection of metals for specific applications.

Corrosion resistance refers to the ability of sheet metal to withstand damage caused by oxidization or other chemical reactions, often enhanced by material selection or protective coatings.

A cost driver in sheet metal fabrication is any factor that causes a change in the cost of an activity, such as material costs, labor, equipment usage, or production volume.

Creep strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand under a specific temperature for a specified period without experiencing significant deformation. In sheet metal fabrication, understanding creep strength is vital for components used in high-temperature environments.

The Curie point is the temperature at which a metal loses its permanent magnetic properties, reverting to an unmagnetized state. This property is crucial in processes involving heating, as it affects magnetic handling and behavior in fabrication settings.

Custom sheet metal fabrication refers to the process of cutting, bending, and assembling sheet metal according to specific customer designs and requirements. It allows for the creation of bespoke components and structures tailored to unique applications.

Cut length in sheet metal fabrication refers to the specific dimension that a piece of metal is cut to during the fabrication process. Accurate cut length is crucial for meeting design specifications and ensuring the correct assembly of parts.

Cut quality refers to the smoothness, accuracy, and cleanliness of the edge after cutting metal. High cut quality reduces the need for additional finishing processes, saving time and resources in sheet metal fabrication.

Cut squareness in sheet metal fabrication measures how perpendicular the cut edges are to the sheet’s surface. This quality is essential for ensuring proper fit and alignment in assemblies.

A cutoff die is used in stamping operations to separate parts from a strip or sheet by cutting along a specified line. This die is essential for ensuring clean cuts and consistent part dimensions.

A cutting die is a specialized tool used in sheet metal fabrication to cut materials into specific shapes and sizes with high precision. This tool is crucial for mass production where uniformity and speed are required.

Cutting insert refers to the replaceable part of a cutting tool used in machining operations. Inserts come in various shapes and materials, each suited for different cutting conditions and materials in sheet metal fabrication.

The D of bend in sheet metal fabrication refers to the diameter of the bend, crucial for determining the bend radius and ensuring that the metal does not weaken or crack during the bending process.

Decibel (dB) is a unit of measurement used to express the intensity of sound. In sheet metal fabrication, monitoring decibel levels is important for maintaining a safe working environment, as machinery can produce high noise levels.

Deep-drawing steel is a type of steel specifically formulated for deep drawing processes in sheet metal fabrication, characterized by its ability to be stretched into deeper or more intricate shapes without tearing or wrinkling.

The degree of bend in sheet metal fabrication indicates the angle to which the metal is bent. Precise control over this degree is crucial for the accurate formation of metal components.

Destructive testing in sheet metal fabrication involves tests that permanently alter or break a metal sample to evaluate its physical properties, such as tensile strength and ductility.

A developed blank in sheet metal fabrication is a flat piece of metal cut to the shape that, when folded or formed, will create the final intended component without any excess, ensuring material efficiency.

A dial caliper is a precision measuring tool used in sheet metal fabrication to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object, offering high accuracy for ensuring metal parts meet design specifications.

A die accelerator in sheet metal fabrication enhances the movement of the die in a press, speeding up the stamping process and improving productivity by reducing cycle time.

Die block refers to the main body of a die in sheet metal fabrication, which houses smaller components like inserts and bushings, and provides the structure necessary for enduring the high pressures of the stamping process.

A die bushing in sheet metal fabrication is a component that aligns and supports the punch or other moving parts within a die assembly, ensuring precise movement and reducing wear during the stamping process.

A die cart in sheet metal fabrication is used to transport heavy dies between storage areas and presses, facilitating quick changes and maintenance of die equipment, enhancing workflow efficiency.

The die cavity is the part of a die in sheet metal fabrication that shapes the metal. Its design is the negative of the part to be produced, critical for achieving the precise dimensions and features of the final component.

The die engineering process in sheet metal fabrication involves designing, testing, and refining dies. This process is critical to ensuring that the dies produce parts to the correct specifications and with high repeatability.

Die maintenance in sheet metal fabrication is the regular inspection, cleaning, repair, and adjustment of dies to ensure they continue to function optimally and produce quality parts. Maintenance is crucial for prolonging die life and reducing machine downtime.

A die rail in sheet metal fabrication is a type of guide or support structure within a die set that helps to align and stabilize the die components during the stamping or cutting process, ensuring accuracy and consistency in the parts produced.

In sheet metal fabrication, a die riser is a spacer or block placed under a die to elevate it within the press machine, allowing for proper alignment and clearance during the die cutting process.

A die set in sheet metal fabrication includes the complete assembly of the upper and lower die components that come together in a press to shape or cut metal. Each set is customized for the specific part being produced.

A die shoe is the base or plate on which die components are mounted in sheet metal fabrication. It supports the die assembly within the press and ensures the correct alignment and secure operation during the forming process.

A diffusion-cooled laser in sheet metal fabrication is a type of laser that uses metal as a cooling medium, eliminating the need for external water or gas cooling. This setup is particularly advantageous for high precision and high-duty cycle laser cutting operations.

A digital caliper is a precision measuring tool used in sheet metal fabrication that provides a digital readout of the dimensions measured. This tool is essential for ensuring precise measurements of metal sheets, parts, or features.

A diode laser in sheet metal fabrication is a laser device that uses diodes as its active medium. Known for their efficiency and compact size, diode lasers are used for cutting and welding applications requiring high precision and minimal heat input.

The distance between bends in sheet metal fabrication refers to the space between successive bends on a single piece of metal. Accurately maintaining this distance is crucial for ensuring the correct assembly and functionality of the final product.

A dowel pin in sheet metal fabrication is a solid cylindrical rod, usually made from metal, used to align or join two parts together with precision. They ensure correct alignment and positioning during assembly, which is crucial for the mechanical integrity of the assembly.

A draw punch in sheet metal fabrication is used in drawing operations to shape a flat sheet into a three-dimensional form by pulling it into a die. This tool is critical for creating deep or complex shapes like cups or shells.

Drawing is a metal forming process in sheet metal fabrication where a punch draws the metal into a die to create a part with a specific shape, often used for making hollow or deep parts like pots and pans.

Drawing steel is a grade of steel designed specifically for deep drawing processes in sheet metal fabrication. It is characterized by its high ductility, which allows it to undergo extensive deformation without fracturing.

Drive diameter in sheet metal fabrication refers to the size of the main drive wheel or roller that moves the metal through a machine. This measurement is crucial for matching with the metal’s thickness and the machine’s processing capability.

A drive key in sheet metal fabrication is a component used to lock or engage a drive shaft to a wheel, gear, or pulley, ensuring the transfer of rotational force necessary for machine operations.

The drive motor in sheet metal fabrication powers the movement of machines or components. Its capacity and power output determine the speed and efficiency of operations like rolling, cutting, or forming.

Drive side refers to the side of a sheet metal fabrication machine where the main drive mechanisms are located. This side often contains the motor and transmission parts that initiate the operational cycles of the machine.

A driven forming pass in sheet metal fabrication is a stage in rolling or pressing where the metal is actively shaped by mechanically driven rollers or dies, integral for achieving the desired contour and thickness.

Driven pass refers to any part of a fabrication process where the metal is moved through machinery by powered rollers or belts, essential for consistent and controlled shaping or modification of the metal.

Dry lube in sheet metal fabrication is a type of lubricant that provides a dry film to reduce friction between tools and the metal, often used in processes where liquid lubricants could compromise the quality or integrity of the workpiece.

A dump table in sheet metal fabrication is used at the end of a processing line to collect finished parts or scrap. It facilitates easy handling and sorting of materials post-production, enhancing workflow efficiency.

Dye penetration inspection is a non-destructive testing method used in sheet metal fabrication to detect surface-breaking defects. A dye is applied to the metal surface; any cracks or voids absorb the dye, making them visible under inspection.

An eccentric drive in sheet metal fabrication machinery uses an eccentric shaft to transfer rotational motion to another part of the machine, often used in presses and forming equipment to exert targeted force.

An eccentric shaft features an axis that is not in the center of its bearings or body. In sheet metal fabrication, it’s used in mechanisms that require variable stroke lengths or to adjust the stroke of a press dynamically.

Eddy current techniques involve the use of electromagnetic induction to detect and characterize surface and sub-surface flaws in conductive materials, commonly used in sheet metal fabrication for quality control.

EDM involves using electrical discharges or sparks to machine or remove metal, highly valued in sheet metal fabrication for producing intricate contours or delicate cavities that are difficult to achieve with conventional machining tools.

Elastic deformation in sheet metal fabrication is a temporary shape change that is self-reversing after the force is removed, critical for understanding material behavior under stress.

The elastic limit is the maximum stress that a material can withstand without undergoing permanent deformation. Knowing this limit is essential in sheet metal fabrication to avoid damaging the material during processing.

The electric furnace process in metal fabrication involves melting scrap metal using an electric arc furnace. This method is favored for its ability to precisely control the temperature and purity of the resulting metal.

An electric resistance welded steel tube is made by forming and welding steel without the use of welding filler materials. This method uses high-frequency electric currents to heat the edges and forge a solid bond.

Electric resistance welding is a welding process where heat generated from electric resistance is used to join metal pieces together. It’s common in sheet metal fabrication for constructing frames and structures.

Electric sheet metal refers to metal sheets that are specifically used in electrical applications, where properties like conductivity or magnetic permeability are crucial.

Electrical conductivity is a measure of a material’s ability to conduct an electric current. In sheet metal fabrication, this property is essential for selecting materials for electrical and electronic components.

Electrical resistivity is a fundamental property that quantifies how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. This measurement is critical in choosing materials for applications requiring specific electrical characteristics.

The endurance limit is the maximum stress that a metal can withstand for an infinite number of cycles without failing in fatigue. This property is crucial in parts that will experience repetitive loading.

An entry guide in sheet metal fabrication ensures the metal sheet is fed correctly into the machines, maintaining alignment and preventing malfunctions during high-speed operations.

EP additive (Extreme Pressure additive) in lubricants used in metal fabrication protects tools and dies from the extreme pressures and temperatures encountered during operations like deep drawing and forming.

ERW tubing (Electric Resistance Welded tubing) is made by forming sheets into tubular shapes and then welding the edges using an electric resistance welding process. This tubing is known for its strength and precision.

An etch test in sheet metal fabrication is a method to check for material defects or to analyze the microstructure of a metal, involving the application of acids that reveal structural details by etching exposed surfaces.

An external induction weld power supply provides high-frequency electrical power in induction welding processes, where electromagnetic fields heat the metal, leading to high-quality, efficient welding.

Extra-deep-drawing steel is a grade of steel that can be extended into very deep shapes without losing its integrity, suitable for complex automotive and appliance parts.

An extreme-pressure additive in sheet metal lubricants is used to prevent wear and tear on tools during high-load metalworking processes by forming a protective coating on the metal surfaces, reducing friction and heat generation.

An extrusion seam appears where the material flows together during the extrusion process in metal fabrication, creating a line or slight ridge that may require finishing to ensure structural integrity and appearance.

A feeler gauge is a tool used in sheet metal fabrication to measure gap widths or clearances between parts, ensuring that assemblies are correctly aligned and fit together properly.

Ferritic stainless steels are iron alloys with high chromium content, low carbon, and body-centered cubic crystal structures, known for their good ductility and resistance to corrosion at high temperatures in sheet metal applications.

The fill ratio in sheet metal processes refers to the amount of space occupied by metal in a die or mold compared to its total capacity, important for ensuring optimal material flow and quality in casting or molding processes.

A fin blade in sheet metal fabrication is used in the production of heat exchangers or radiators, designed to cut or form thin, precise fins in metal sheets for increased surface area and heat dissipation.

The fin forming zone is the section in a machine where fins are shaped and added to components such as radiators or heat sinks, crucial for ensuring the efficiency and precision of fin placement and shape.

A fin pass refers to the stage in tube mill processes where fins are formed or welded onto tubes to increase surface area, typically for enhancing heat transfer in heating or cooling applications.

Finish machine size describes the final dimensions a sheet metal part achieves after all machining processes are completed, ensuring that the part meets the precise specifications required for its application.

Flame hardening involves using a high-temperature flame to heat the surface of steel parts quickly followed by cooling, creating a harder surface layer while maintaining a tough core, used for parts requiring wear resistance.

Flange diameter refers to the overall diameter of a flange on a metal part. In sheet metal fabrication, this measurement is crucial for ensuring that flanges fit properly in their respective assemblies, especially in piping and container constructions.

A flange wipe in sheet metal fabrication is a process used to create a flange on the edge of a metal part by bending the metal, typically using a wiping die that forcibly bends the metal as it is pulled through the die.

A flanged end refers to a metal part that has been finished with a flange, which allows it to be bolted to another flanged part. This method is commonly used for connecting pipes, tubes, or other structural components in constructions.

Flash-in tubing involves a manufacturing process where excess material, known as flash, is formed inside a tube during the welding process and must be removed later to ensure a clean, smooth interior surface.

A flow-through design in sheet metal fabrication features a configuration that allows materials or fluids to pass through without obstruction, often used in filter housings or heat exchangers.

A flower diagram in metal forming is used to depict the stages of forming a metal part, from the flat blank to the final shape. This visual tool helps in understanding material flow and deformation during the process.

The flux leakage test is a non-destructive testing method used in sheet metal fabrication to detect discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. It involves applying a magnetic field and detecting areas where magnetic flux leaks from the material.

A flying cutoff machine in sheet metal fabrication is used to cut long products, like tubes and profiles, to length while they are still moving on the production line, optimizing production speed and efficiency.

Forge temperature is the specific range of temperatures at which metals are heated before forging to make them pliable without melting. Maintaining optimal forge temperature is crucial for achieving desired material properties and shapes.

Forge welding is a process of joining two pieces of metal by heating them to a high temperature and then hammering them together. This traditional method is often used for iron and steel.

A forged weld is a joint created by the process of forge welding, where heat and pressure are applied to weld pieces together without the use of a filler material, resulting in a strong, durable bond.

A fork truck, commonly known as a forklift, is used in sheet metal fabrication facilities to transport heavy or bulky loads of metal materials, facilitating movement from one part of the facility to another, improving workflow and safety.

Ground pins in sheet metal fabrication are used to ensure a secure and reliable electrical ground that is essential for safe operations, especially in welding, to prevent electrical hazards.

A guided bend test is used in sheet metal fabrication to measure the ductility of a metal after it has been welded. The metal is bent over a specified radius under controlled conditions to see if it can withstand the deformation without cracking.

Gun metal finish refers to a surface finish that gives metal parts a sleek, matte grey appearance, similar to traditional gunmetal. This finish is often sought for its aesthetic qualities and resistance to tarnishing.

Hardness testing in sheet metal fabrication is the process of determining the hardness of metal by measuring its resistance to deformation. Common methods include the Rockwell, Brinell, and Vickers scales.

Heat treating involves the controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their physical and mechanical properties, such as strength and ductility, without changing the product shape. It is crucial for enhancing performance and durability.

The heat-affected zone (HAZ) in sheet metal fabrication is the area of the metal that has had its properties altered due to the heat of welding. This zone can show changes in hardness and strength, affecting the overall performance of the metal.

High-strength steels are steel grades that offer high strength and durability, often used in sheet metal fabrication for components that require strong, wear-resistant properties. They are typically used in automotive and structural applications.

Hooke’s Law states that the strain in a solid is proportional to the applied stress within the elastic limit of that solid. This fundamental principle of elasticity is crucial in predicting the behavior of metals under stress in sheet metal fabrication.

Hot band refers to steel that has been hot rolled at a steel mill but not yet cold rolled. It is generally thicker, coarser, and less refined, used as a precursor in further processing and finishing operations.

Hot bending is a process in sheet metal fabrication where heat is applied to metal, making it more pliable before it is bent to a desired shape. This technique is often used for bending thicker or harder metals that cannot be easily shaped at room temperature.

Hot rolled steel is produced by rolling the steel at high temperatures, where it can be easily shaped and formed. This process results in a rough finish but is faster and less costly than cold rolling, suitable for many construction and industrial applications.

A hot strip mill processes steel slabs into a hot rolled coil by reducing the thickness and rolling the steel at high temperatures, resulting in a product suitable for further processing or direct use in various industrial applications.

Hot-dip galvanizing is a process where steel is submerged in molten zinc to apply a protective zinc coating that prevents corrosion. This method is widely used in construction and manufacturing due to its durability and cost-effectiveness.

HSS or High-Speed Steel in metal fabrication tools refers to a special alloy that maintains its hardness at high temperatures, making it ideal for cutting tools like drills and taps that generate significant heat during operation.

An impact test measures the ability of a metal to withstand sudden loads or shocks. This test is crucial in determining the toughness and britility of materials used in safety-critical applications.

An inboard stand in rolling mills holds and supports the rolls close to the center line of the mill. It is essential for stabilizing the roll setup, especially in high-speed rolling operations.

Induction bending is a process where heat induced by electromagnetic induction is applied to a specific area of a metal tube or pipe while it is being bent, allowing for precise control over the bending process.

Induction Welding (IW) uses electromagnetic induction to heat the metal until it reaches a molten state and then pressure is applied to fuse the materials. This technique is often used for joining pipes and tubes.

Industrial sheet metal work involves the creation and manipulation of sheet metal components for industrial applications. It includes cutting, forming, and joining processes, essential for the production of machinery, equipment, and structures in various industries.

The inner diameter of a tube or cylinder in metal fabrication is the measurement of the hollow space within the object, crucial for applications where fit, flow, or clearance is significant.

Laser Cutting uses a high-powered laser beam to precisely cut or engrave materials, offering high accuracy and clean finishes. This process is preferred for its precision and ability to cut complex shapes in a variety of metal thicknesses.

Laser cutting services provide precision cutting of materials using a high-powered laser beam, ideal for intricate designs and clean cuts. This service is widely used in sheet metal fabrication for its ability to produce precise, repeatable cuts and detailed patterns on various metals.

Lean manufacturing is an operational strategy focused on minimizing waste within manufacturing systems while simultaneously maximizing productivity, often implemented in sheet metal fabrication to improve efficiency and reduce operational costs.

A length encoder in sheet metal fabrication is a device used to measure the length of metal as it is processed. This ensures precise cuts and bends according to the design specifications.

Line dies are tools used in continuous production processes in sheet metal fabrication. They allow for the forming of metal parts in a series of operations, increasing efficiency and throughput on the production line.

Liquid lube in sheet metal fabrication is a lubricant that facilitates the movement of metal through machines, reducing friction and wear, and improving process efficiency and the quality of the final product.

A mass spectrometer in metal fabrication is used to analyze the composition of the metal, identifying the different elements and their concentrations. This is crucial for quality control and ensuring material specifications are met.

A master coil is a large roll of sheet metal used in fabrication. It is the primary source of material for various manufacturing processes, where it is uncoiled and cut or shaped as needed.

Material handling involves the movement, storage, control, and protection of materials throughout the manufacturing process. In sheet metal fabrication, efficient material handling is crucial to maintain productivity and safety.

A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides detailed information on the properties of a particular substance. In sheet metal fabrication, it informs workers about the safe handling of chemicals and materials used in the process.

Material utilization measures the efficiency with which material is used in the manufacturing process to minimize waste. High material utilization is critical in reducing costs and improving environmental sustainability in fabrication.

Maximum and minimum dimensions refer to the largest and smallest allowable sizes of a fabricated part or material, ensuring compatibility with other components and adherence to design specifications.

The mean diameter is the average diameter of a cylindrical or spherical object, calculated by averaging multiple measurements across its surface. This measurement is important for quality control in sheet metal fabrication.

Mean wall in sheet metal fabrication refers to the average thickness of the wall of a tubular part or container, calculated by averaging the thickness at various points. This measurement is crucial for ensuring uniformity in strength and durability.

Mechanical properties of a metal include its strength, ductility, hardness, and elasticity. These properties determine how the metal behaves under various forces during fabrication and are critical for selecting the appropriate metal for specific applications.

A mechanical punch press is a machine used in sheet metal fabrication to cut or shape metal parts with a die. It uses mechanical linkage to deliver force, suitable for high-speed punching, bending, and forming operations.

Metal fabrication is the process of building machines and structures from raw metal materials. It involves cutting, bending, and assembling processes, which convert metal sheets, bars, and tubes into desired shapes and sizes.

Metal fabrication services offer various processes such as welding, cutting, folding, and machining to create or assemble metal structures or components. These services cater to a range of industries, including construction, automotive, and aerospace.

Metal forming in sheet metal fabrication involves shaping metal parts and objects through mechanical deformation. The metal is not removed but is typically altered in its shape through processes like rolling, bending, or stretching.

A micrometer adjuster screw is a component of a micrometer that allows for precise adjustments to be made to the measurement settings, ensuring accurate readings during metal fabrication processes.

Mild steel is a type of carbon steel with a relatively low amount of carbon, known for its excellent formability and welding properties. It is commonly used in sheet metal fabrication for a variety of applications, including automotive panels and building frames.

Mill oil is used in sheet metal fabrication to lubricate and cool metal during the rolling process. It helps in reducing friction and heat, protecting both the machinery and the metal sheet from wear and damage.

Minimum wall thickness refers to the thinnest section allowed in the design of a metal part or structure to ensure safety, strength, and functionality under expected loads and stresses.

The modulus of elasticity, also known as Young’s modulus, measures a material’s stiffness or rigidity by quantifying the relationship between stress and strain in elastic regions. This is crucial for designing metal structures to withstand operational forces.

Nominal OD (Outer Diameter) refers to the standardized or approximate measurement of the outer diameter of tubes and pipes, used for reference in manufacturing and fitting processes.

Nominal wall refers to the standardized thickness of walls in tubing and piping, used for manufacturing and engineering design purposes to ensure consistency across batches and compatibility with fittings.

Nondestructive testing in sheet metal fabrication involves various techniques used to evaluate the properties of a material, component, or assembly without causing damage, essential for ensuring quality and integrity in safety-critical applications.

An open hem in sheet metal fabrication is a hem that is not sealed at the edges, allowing the edge to remain accessible or flexible. This is often used in applications where further joining or adjustment might be necessary.

An open trough in sheet metal fabrication refers to a channel or conduit with an open top used for directing or containing materials or fluids, often used in construction and manufacturing settings for structural or utility purposes.

An open-back inclinable press in sheet metal fabrication is a type of press that features an open back for easy material handling and can be inclined to facilitate the removal of stamped parts or scrap.

An optical comparator in sheet metal fabrication is a device used to inspect the dimensions and shapes of manufactured parts using shadow graphs and optical magnification, ensuring they meet specified tolerances and quality standards.

An outboard stand in sheet metal rolling mills is used to support the end of rolling mill rolls, helping to stabilize the roll configuration and ensuring smooth and efficient material processing.

Outer Diameter of cylindrical or round objects in sheet metal fabrication, such as pipes or tubes, is measured to ensure compliance with industry standards and to guarantee compatibility with fittings and other components.

Outside Diameter is the total external dimension measured across a cylindrical or spherical object. In sheet metal fabrication, knowing the outside diameter is essential for the proper fitting and machining of parts.

Parent material in sheet metal fabrication is the original metal from which parts are made, typically referring to the base metal used in welding and joining processes. Understanding its properties is crucial for proper material processing and handling.

A payout reel in sheet metal fabrication dispenses coil or strip metal as it is fed into a processing machine, helping to manage material flow and tension, which is crucial for maintaining consistent quality and efficiency in production.

A pick-and-place robot in sheet metal fabrication is used to automatically handle parts or materials, enhancing speed and precision in manufacturing lines while reducing labor costs.

A pickle line in sheet metal processing is a production line where metal is treated in an acid bath to remove scale, rust, or other impurities to clean the metal before further processing.

Pitting corrosion occurs in metals when localized spots, or ‘pits,’ corrode faster than the surrounding areas, often exacerbated by environmental conditions. It is a common issue in sheet metal that affects durability.

The plane of bend in sheet metal fabrication is the flat surface along which the bending occurs. Understanding this helps in aligning and executing bends accurately during the fabrication process.

Plasma Cutting is a process in sheet metal fabrication that uses a plasma torch to cut through electrically conductive metals. It is valued for its ability to cut quickly and with precision through thick metal sheets.

Plastic deformation in sheet metal fabrication occurs when the metal is permanently deformed beyond its elastic limit. This is essential for shaping and forming metal parts without breaking them.

Plastic strain is the irreversible deformation that occurs when a material is subjected to stresses exceeding its yield strength, causing it to deform without returning to its original shape.

The plastic strain ratio is a measure of a material’s ability to undergo plastic deformation in one direction without thinning in the perpendicular direction. It is critical in predicting the formability of sheet metal.

Pounds per square inch (PSI) is a unit of pressure used to quantify the internal pressure, stress, or tensile strength of materials, including metals in sheet metal fabrication. It indicates how much force is applied within a square inch of material.

Precision sheet metal fabrication refers to the crafting of metal components and assemblies with exacting tolerances. Utilizing advanced technologies and skilled craftsmanship, this process supports industries requiring high accuracy such as electronics and aerospace.

A pressure die in sheet metal fabrication is a tool used in bending operations to apply pressure and hold the metal sheet in place as it is bent to the desired angle. This ensures precision and uniformity in the bending process.

Pressure Die Assist in sheet metal bending machines helps to control the flow and bending of the metal by applying additional pressure, which assists in forming more complex or precise shapes.

A pressure plate in sheet metal fabrication is a component of a machine that applies pressure to hold the metal in place during operations such as drilling or milling, ensuring accuracy and stability.

A progressive die carries out multiple operations, such as cutting and forming, on a strip of metal as it passes through a press. Each station performs a different part of the overall process, efficiently producing complex parts in high volumes.

A pull system in manufacturing controls production by only producing items as needed by the next stage of the process or customer demand, reducing waste and improving efficiency in sheet metal fabrication.

Punch and die clearance refers to the gap between the punch and the die in a punching operation. Correct clearance is crucial for ensuring the quality of the punched edges and the longevity of the tools.

The punch face is the part of a punch that comes into direct contact with the metal. It is precisely machined to match the desired shape and size of the hole or form to be punched out of the sheet metal.

A punch holder in sheet metal fabrication holds the punch in place during the punching process. It ensures the punch’s alignment and stability, which is essential for accuracy and precision in creating uniform parts.

A punch plate is the part of a punch press that supports the punch as it moves to cut or shape the metal. It must be robust and accurately aligned to ensure efficient and precise operations.

A punching assembly in sheet metal fabrication includes the punch, die, and any supporting hardware used to mechanically punch holes or shapes out of metal sheets. This assembly is crucial for precise and efficient production processes.

Radial growth refers to the increase in diameter of a cylindrical object, such as a tube or pipe, during manufacturing processes like heat treatment or mechanical deformation, affecting the material’s dimensional accuracy.

A ram die is part of a stamping or forming press that moves vertically to shape or cut the metal, driven by the ram of the press. It is essential for precise and consistent application of force.

The relief angle in cutting tools used in sheet metal fabrication reduces friction between the tool and the material, enhancing tool life and cutting efficiency by allowing easier chip evacuation.

Return flow design in fluid dynamics and heat exchangers used in fabrication involves a configuration that allows fluid to circulate back to its source, optimizing thermal efficiency and uniform temperature distribution.

Robotic welding involves using automated machines to perform welding operations, ensuring high precision, repeatability, and efficiency. This technology is ideal for high-volume production runs with consistent quality demands.

The Rockwell Hardness Test measures the hardness of materials by assessing the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load compared to the penetration made by a preload. Used for assessing metal strength in fabrication.

Roll bite is the area in roll forming operations where metal passes between two rolls. The geometry and pressure in this zone critically influence the deformation and quality of the rolled product.

Roll feeds in sheet metal fabrication refer to systems that smoothly supply sheet metal to a stamping press or similar machinery, using rollers to ensure continuous and controlled delivery of material.

Roll Forming is a continuous bending operation in which sheet metal, coil, strip, or plates are passed through consecutive sets of rolls that gradually shape the material into a desired profile.

A roll shaft is a cylindrical shaft that holds the rolls in a rolling mill, transmitting power and supporting the rolls during the rolling process. It is crucial for maintaining alignment and stability.

The roll shaft shoulder refers to the part of the roll shaft that provides a stop or bearing surface for the rolling assembly, ensuring the roll is securely mounted and correctly positioned within the mill machinery.

Roll slip occurs when the frictional force is insufficient to drive the metal through the rolls during rolling, causing the rolls to rotate without effectively moving the metal. This can affect material quality and thickness.

Roll space refers to the distance between the rolls in a rolling mill, adjustable according to the thickness of the metal being processed. Proper roll space is crucial for achieving desired material dimensions.

Roll straightening is a process that uses rollers to remove deformities and improve the straightness of metal products, such as rods, bars, and profiles. This enhances the product’s dimensional accuracy and finish.

A roll tooling set includes all the rolls and associated tools used in a rolling mill to shape and form metal sheets or bars. Each set is designed for specific types of metal forming processes.

Rolling bolsters are movable platforms in stamping presses that allow for quick die changes, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing downtime in high-volume production environments.

Root diameter in threaded objects or gears is the diameter of the bottom of the threads or the gear teeth. It is critical for determining the strength and fit of the threaded connection or gear engagement.

A rope hem in sheet metal fabrication involves folding the edge of the metal over a rope or wire, reinforcing the edge and preventing sharpness, often used in banners or signs for added strength and durability.

Rotary cutoff is a metal cutting process using a rotating tool or blade to cut metal as it moves past the tool, commonly used in tubing and pipe manufacturing for its precision and efficiency.

A runout table in rolling mills is used to support the metal as it exits the mill, helping to guide and collect the metal sheets or bars as they cool and stabilize after processing.

In metal fabrication, a sawtooth wave is often referred to in the context of machinery vibrations or electrical signals that resemble the profile of a saw blade, affecting machine performance and part quality.

A seamless tube is made from solid round steel billets, heated and pushed or pulled over a form until the steel is shaped into a hollow tube. Seamless tubes are prized for their strength and uniformity in high-pressure applications.

Semideveloped blanks in sheet metal fabrication are partially formed sheet metal pieces that require further shaping to become final parts. These blanks are intermediate products used to reduce lead time in the production of complex components.

Setup blocks are precision-machined blocks used in sheet metal fabrication to quickly and accurately set the positions of tools and dies in machines, ensuring consistency and reducing setup time between production runs.

Sheet metal assembly involves joining various sheet metal parts together to form complete assemblies or finished products. Techniques such as welding, riveting, and the use of fasteners are commonly employed to ensure durability and functionality.

Sheet metal bending is a manufacturing process where flat sheet metal is placed in a press brake and bent to a specific angle or shape. This process is fundamental in creating parts that have corners or angles, like brackets, enclosures, or chassis.

Sheet metal bending software helps in planning and optimizing the bending process of sheet metal. It provides tools to simulate bending sequences, predict springback, and generate CNC codes for press brakes, enhancing efficiency and accuracy in metal forming operations.

Sheet metal components are parts manufactured from metal sheets through various fabrication techniques including cutting, bending, and assembling. These components are integral to systems in automotive, electronics, and construction industries.

Sheet metal cutting is a fundamental process in metal fabrication where sheet metal is sliced into desired shapes and sizes, using tools like shears, lasers, or water jets. This process is essential for creating individual components that are then formed or assembled.

Sheet metal design involves the creation of detailed plans and drawings for fabricating metal sheets into specific parts or products. Effective design considers factors like bend radii, minimum flange lengths, and hole placements to ensure manufacturability and functionality.

A sheet metal enclosure is a box or case made from sheet metal designed to protect electronic or mechanical components. These enclosures are commonly used in industries such as telecommunications, electronics, and industrial equipment for protection and housing of components.

Sheet metal finishing involves various processes applied to the surface of metal parts to enhance appearance, improve corrosion resistance, or achieve other desired properties. Techniques include painting, plating, and anodizing.

Sheet metal gauge refers to the thickness of sheet metal, typically measured in gauges or millimeters. The gauge number inversely correlates with the thickness; the higher the gauge number, the thinner the sheet.

Sheet metal layout is the process of planning and drawing the initial flat form of a metal part before it is cut and formed. It ensures that the sheet is used efficiently and that the parts fit together as intended in the final assembly.

Sheet metal manufacturing involves multiple processes to convert metal sheets into finished products or components, including cutting, bending, joining, and finishing. It serves industries such as automotive, aerospace, and construction.

Sheet metal parts are components made from metal sheets fabricated to specific shapes and sizes, commonly used in various applications across industries like automotive, electronics, and construction.

Sheet metal products are finished items made from metal sheets, including enclosures, chassis, panels, and brackets, crafted through processes like cutting, bending, and assembling.

Sheet metal prototyping is the process of creating early models of parts or assemblies using sheet metal to evaluate a concept or test a design before full-scale production. This step is critical for reducing time and cost in product development.

A sheet metal punch is a tool used in presses to cut holes or make indentations in sheet metal. It works by pressing the metal into a die in the desired shape.

Sheet metal shearing involves cutting straight lines on flat sheet metal. Machines used include shears, which use sharp blades to apply a high-pressure shear force to slice the metal.

Sheet metal welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal sheets using heat and/or pressure to melt and fuse them together, often with the addition of a filler material. It’s essential for fabricating durable metal assemblies.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), also known as stick welding, uses an electrode that conducts a current to create an arc between the stick and the metals being joined. This process is widely used due to its versatility and simplicity in both shop and field work.

Shrink flanging involves bending the flange of a metal part inward, reducing its circumference. This technique is used to accommodate complex geometries or enhance the fit of parts in assemblies.

Shut height is the distance from the top of a press bed to the bottom of the ram or slide in a closed position. In sheet metal fabrication, correct shut height is essential for accommodating different die heights and ensuring optimal press operation.

A sine wave in metal fabrication might refer to the periodic oscillation of voltage used in certain welding or cutting processes. It ensures smooth, consistent energy delivery, vital for precision work.

A slab laser in sheet metal fabrication uses a slab-shaped active gain medium for the laser, providing high power and efficiency. It is commonly used for cutting or engraving large metal sheets with high precision.

A slabbing mill is a rolling mill used to produce slabs from ingots. It is an essential step in the primary metal manufacturing process, preparing the metal for subsequent rolling and processing.

A sliding wedge is a mechanical device used to adjust the motion or force in machinery. In sheet metal presses, sliding wedges are used to adjust the stroke of the press to accommodate different tooling setups.

Slip fit refers to a type of fit in engineering where one part can easily slide into another without significant resistance. In sheet metal fabrication, achieving precise slip fits is crucial for easy assembly and disassembly of parts.

Slit edge refers to the edge of sheet metal that has been cut or trimmed using a slitting process. The quality of a slit edge is important as it affects the material’s performance in further processing and final assembly.

Slit mult refers to multiple cuts made simultaneously in a single pass through a slitter machine in sheet metal fabrication. This process increases efficiency by producing several narrower coils from a wider one.

Slit-to-width coil is a metal strip that has been cut from a larger coil to specific width requirements using a slitting process. This customization allows for precise use in various manufacturing applications, minimizing waste and improving material utilization.

Slitter head is a component of a slitting machine that holds and secures the slitting knives. It can be adjusted to accommodate different widths and ensure precision in the cutting process.

Slitter knives are the cutting tools used in a slitting machine to slice large coils of metal into narrower bands. These knives must be extremely sharp and durable to handle the high-speed cutting of various metal types.

Slitting burr refers to the rough or raised edge left on metal after slitting. This imperfection often requires deburring to ensure the metal’s quality and safety for further processing or end-use.

A slitting line includes the machinery and components arranged for the slitting process in sheet metal fabrication, where large coils of metal are slit into narrower strips. The line ensures continuous and efficient processing.

Solid film lubricants in sheet metal fabrication provide a dry layer of lubrication, which reduces friction and wear between metal surfaces without the mess or contamination risk of liquid lubricants.

A solid lubricant is a substance like graphite or molybdenum disulfide used in sheet metal fabrication to reduce friction between tools and metal surfaces. Solid lubricants are useful in high-temperature environments where liquid lubricants would evaporate or degrade.

Solvent degreasing is a cleaning process used in sheet metal fabrication to remove grease, oil, or other contaminants from metal parts using chemical solvents. This process ensures that surfaces are clean for further processing or finishing.

Special smooth ID refers to the exceptionally smooth interior diameter of tubes or pipes, achieved through precise machining or finishing processes. This characteristic is critical for applications requiring minimal friction and flow resistance.

A square wave in metal fabrication refers to a waveform used in various welding types, especially TIG welding. It alternates between positive and negative values with sharp transitions, which helps in maintaining a stable arc and better heat control.

Square-sheared blanks are sheet metal pieces cut in square or rectangular shapes before undergoing further processing. They are typically prepared using a shearing process, which provides uniform and clean edges essential for high-quality end products.

Steel grade refers to the classification of steel based on its chemical composition and physical properties. Each grade has specific characteristics that make it suitable for different applications in sheet metal fabrication, such as construction and automotive.

Stock feed in sheet metal fabrication refers to the mechanism that supplies material to a press or machining center. Proper stock feed setup is crucial for continuous and efficient production, reducing material waste and operational downtime.

Stop blocks are used in sheet metal machinery to limit the motion of a component, ensuring that movements are precise and repeatable. They are critical for maintaining consistent dimensions and alignments in batch production.

The stress-strain curve is a graphical representation that shows the relationship between the stress applied to a material and the strain it experiences. This curve is essential for understanding the mechanical properties of metal in fabrication.

Stretch flanging involves stretching a flange around a curve or corner without altering the material thickness. This technique is used to create complex shapes and features in sheet metal without compromising structural integrity.

A stripper plate is used in punching operations to strip away the metal sheet from the punch after cutting. It ensures clean cuts and prevents the material from lifting or sticking to the punch, improving process efficiency and safety.

A stuffing box is a sealing component used in machinery to prevent leaks around a moving shaft. It is packed with material that compresses to form a tight seal, ensuring that fluids or gases do not escape from equipment during operation.

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is a welding process that uses a granular flux to shield the weld zone from atmospheric contamination. This method is known for its high quality and efficiency in thick material welding applications.

Surface roughness refers to the texture of a metal’s surface and is quantitatively characterized by the irregularities or deviations from an ideal flat surface. Controlling surface roughness is vital for functional and aesthetic qualities of finished parts.

T/D ratio (Thickness to Diameter Ratio) in sheet metal fabrication measures the thickness of the sheet relative to the diameter of the die used in processes like drawing or forming, critical for avoiding tears or defects in the metal during these operations.

Tailor welded blanks are sheets of different thicknesses, strengths, or coatings welded together before forming. They are used in automotive manufacturing to optimize material properties in different parts of a component, enhancing performance while reducing weight.

A tandem rolling mill consists of several rolling stands arranged successively, used in sheet metal production to achieve high-speed, continuous rolling of the metal, resulting in greater uniformity and higher efficiency in the finished product.

The tangent point in sheet metal fabrication is where the straight section of the sheet meets the curve of a bend. Accurately identifying tangent points is critical for precise metal forming operations.

A teardrop hem is a type of fold in sheet metal where the edge is rolled over to form a smooth, rounded finish resembling a teardrop. This hem is used to increase edge stiffness and eliminate sharp edges for safety and handling.

Temper rolling (also known as skin pass rolling) is a light cold rolling process used to improve the surface finish and achieve slight increases in material hardness. It is used in sheet metal fabrication to enhance the material’s surface characteristics without significantly changing its thickness.

Tensile strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. In sheet metal fabrication, understanding tensile strength is vital for selecting the appropriate metal for specific applications.

Tensile testing measures the force required to pull something such as rope, wire, or a metal bar to the point where it breaks. In the context of sheet metal, it helps determine the mechanical properties of the metal, such as tensile strength and ductility.

The Toyota Way is a set of principles and behaviors that underlie the Toyota Motor Corporation’s managerial approach and production system. In sheet metal fabrication, adopting these principles can enhance efficiency, quality, and continuous improvement in manufacturing processes.

Thermal Cutting involves using heat to cut or shape metal, typically through processes like oxy-fuel cutting, plasma cutting, or laser cutting. This method allows for precise cuts and is effective for thick metal sheets.

TIG Welding (Tungsten Inert Gas) uses a tungsten electrode to produce the weld, with inert gas like argon to shield it from contamination. It is prized for its precision and cleanliness, ideal for high-quality welds in stainless steel, aluminum, and other metals.

A tiger cage is a reinforcing structure in automotive fabrication, used to enhance the rigidity and safety of a vehicle chassis, especially in racing or performance cars. It involves a network of welded tubes that protect the occupants by maintaining structural integrity during impacts.

Tool Steel is a type of carbon and alloy steel that is well-suited to be made into tools. Its hardness, resistance to abrasion and ability to retain shape at high temperatures make it suitable for dies and punches.

Tooling Payback is a financial term used to describe the time it takes for the initial investment in tooling to be recouped through production savings. It is a critical measure in justifying the cost of new tools in sheet metal fabrication.

Total Elongation is a measure of how much a metal can be stretched or elongated before it breaks, typically expressed as a percentage. It is an important measure of ductility and quality in metals.

The Toyota Production System (TPS) is a manufacturing methodology developed by Toyota that emphasizes efficiency and lean manufacturing principles, aiming to eliminate waste and improve continuous flow and customer value.

Traction Power in the context of metal fabrication could refer to the power required to move metal through production processes such as rolling or drawing, ensuring consistent feeding and processing.

A transfer die is used in stamping presses where a single die handles the workpiece through multiple stages from blanking to forming to finishing. This allows complex components to be manufactured efficiently in a single cycle.

The transition area in metal parts is where the material undergoes a change in thickness or profile. Managing this area is crucial to avoid stress concentrations and potential weaknesses in the final product.

Tube diameter refers to the external diameter of a tube in sheet metal fabrication. It is crucial for applications requiring precise dimensional specifications for fitting, flow rates, or structural support.

A tube mill drive powers the rollers in a tube mill, enabling the continuous forming and welding of metal strips into tubes. This component is essential for maintaining the speed and torque required for efficient tube production.

Tube Mill Entry is the initial section of a tube mill where the metal strip is introduced and prepared for processing into tubes. Proper handling at the entry ensures quality and efficiency in tube production.

A tube production facility specializes in manufacturing tubes from various metals. Facilities like these incorporate forming, welding, and cutting equipment tailored to tube fabrication needs.

Two side vertical support members are structural components that provide stability and support in various types of equipment and frameworks used in sheet metal fabrication, ensuring alignment and rigidity.

A vernier caliper is a precision measuring tool used to measure internal and external dimensions and depths in sheet metal fabrication. It provides high accuracy and versatility in taking measurements.

Vertical adjusting screw is used in machinery to fine-tune the height or level of a component, crucial for achieving precision in operations such as alignment and calibration in sheet metal processing.

The Vickers hardness test measures the hardness of metal by pressing a diamond pyramid indenter into the surface and calculating the hardness based on the indentation size. It’s suitable for all metals and has a wide scale range.

In sheet metal fabrication, volume sensitive refers to processes or properties that are significantly affected by changes in volume, such as material handling or chemical treatment systems.

Wall thickness is the measure of the thickness of the walls of a tube or pipe. In sheet metal fabrication, maintaining the specified wall thickness is crucial for ensuring the strength and functionality of the final product.

Wall thinning occurs when the walls of a tube or pipe become thinner than intended, usually due to excessive machining or wear. It can compromise the structural integrity and pressure handling capacity of the tube.

Water Jet Cutting is a fabrication method that uses a high-pressure stream of water, often with abrasive particles, to cut materials. It is prized for its ability to cut without thermal distortion and can handle a variety of materials.

A weld bead is the deposit of filler metal on a workpiece by a welding process, forming a bond between two metal parts. The quality of a weld bead affects the strength and appearance of the weld.

A weld pass is a single progression of welding along a joint. The number of passes required can vary depending on the thickness of the material and the type of weld needed to achieve the desired strength and penetration.

A weld squeeze box in sheet metal fabrication is used in tube welding to apply pressure around the weld area to ensure a tight, consistent seal along the length of the tube. It helps improve the quality and strength of the weld by reducing voids and ensuring proper fusion of the edges.

A welded tube is formed by shaping and welding a strip of metal into a cylindrical form. The edges of the strip are joined together by welding to create a tube, commonly used in structural applications, conveyance systems, and manufacturing.

A welded tube mill is a series of machines that continuously forms a strip of metal into a tube and welds the seam. It includes forming rolls, a welding station, and cut-off tools, designed for high-speed production of welded tubes.

An arc welding torch is a tool used in arc welding to conduct current through a welding rod, creating an electric arc between the electrode and the metal workpiece. This melts the metals at the point of contact, facilitating their fusion.

A wing die in sheet metal fabrication is a specialized die used to form features such as flanges or tabs at specific angles, commonly used in the automotive and aerospace industries for creating complex part geometries.

A wiper die in tube bending is used to support the interior radius of the tube to prevent wrinkling or deformation during the bending process. It wipes against the material to ensure smooth bending and a consistent tube shape.

Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a process where a single strand of wire is used to cut or shape a metal workpiece through controlled electrical discharges, allowing for high precision cuts in complex geometries.

Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the strengthening of metal through deformation. This intrinsic property increases the metal’s hardness and strength through dislocation movements within the crystal structure as it is deformed.

The work roll shaft is part of the rolling mill that supports the rolling tools, transmitting torque and ensuring the precise reduction of metal thickness in rolling operations. It’s essential for maintaining consistent pressure and gap between rolls.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of materials. In metal fabrication, it is used for quality control, verifying alloy compositions and detecting surface coatings.

A YAG laser (yttrium aluminum garnet laser) emits a wavelength of light in a solid-state using a YAG crystal. It’s used in metal fabrication for cutting, engraving, and marking applications due to its high intensity and ability to focus on small areas.

The yield point is the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Before reaching the yield point, the material will deform elastically and return to its original shape when the stress is removed.

Yield strength is the amount of stress that a material can withstand without permanently deforming. It’s a critical mechanical property in sheet metal fabrication as it determines how much load a material can support without failing.

Yield stress is the internal stress required to start plastic deformation in a material. In sheet metal fabrication, controlling yield stress is vital for predicting how materials behave under various manufacturing processes.

Young’s modulus is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material, defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain. It’s essential in sheet metal fabrication for determining how much a material will elongate under a particular load.

Zinc coating is a corrosion-protective finish applied to iron or steel products, where the metal is coated with zinc to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, where metal parts are submerged in molten zinc.